Journal of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility

Description

Despite the fact that both fresh and processed Areca Nut (AN) products contain a number of hazardous ingredients, such as toxic alkaloids and aflatoxins that can cause cancer, there has recently been an increase in the global consumption of a product. Nonetheless, there is a deficiency of harmfulness and potential malignant growth risk data with respect to poisonous alkaloids and aflatoxins by means of consuming AN item. Arecoline and aflatoxins had a synergistic effect on the human gingival normal fibroblast cell of HGF-1 and a proliferation effect on the human tongue squamous carcinoma cell of CAL-27, according to the findings. In particular, the remaining arecoline was just about as high as 91.08 μg•ml⁻¹ in oral stage and 72.41 μg•ml⁻¹ in gastric stage, which could be a proof of oral disease. More importantly, the maximum value was three times the MRLs, and aflatoxins were present in 25.93 percent of AN product. When compared to situations involving adults and/or fresh AN samples, the cytotoxic and MOE values raised a significant health concern regarding the likelihood of malignancy in children who consume processed AN. The results of this study would allow for a more accurate prediction of the potential carcinogenic risk of AN products and a deeper comprehension of the dangers that AN alkaloids and aflatoxins pose to the digestive system. Individualized and precise treatment can save lives in cases of advanced intestinal cancer. The detection of fusion genes in solid tumors has expanded with the development of next-generation sequencing technology. Guidelines for digestive tract tumors include fusion gene targeting therapies for neurotropic receptor tyrosine kinase and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2. Additionally, numerous fusion genes are being examined as potential therapeutic targets.

Pathological Detection and Segmentation

In addition, we discuss the setup, evaluation metrics, best practices, and outcomes of two cell detection and tissue segmentation challenge tasks. Specifically, the challenge received 234 effective submissions from 32 participating teams, where the best teams developed cutting-edge CAD of digestive pathology tools and methods. These are, to the best of our knowledge, the very first datasets that have been made available to the public and present the associated difficulties for pathological detection and segmentation of the digestive system. New opportunities for digestive pathology research and application arise from the aforementioned datasets and findings. Cancers of the digestive system are extremely fatal and account for nearly half of all cancers worldwide. Cell culture and creature models address foundations of stomach related malignant growth research. However, they are limited in their capacity to facilitate cancer precision medicine. Tumor Micro Environment (TME) is absent from cell culture models, which cannot preserve the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of tumors. For research on immune oncology, patient-derived xenograft mouse models are not appropriate. Humanized mouse models, on the other hand, take time and money to make. There is a high demand for suitable preclinical models that can aid in the comprehension of tumor progression mechanisms and the creation of novel therapeutic approaches. Utilizing tumor organoid models and microfluidic systems, this review article provides a synopsis of the most recent advancements made toward the creation of TME. The main obstacles that need to be overcome before organoid models can be used in the clinic are discussed. The new trend in drug screening and precision medicine is to combine organoids with a microfluidic platform. Additionally, a look into the future of this field is provided.

The lack of timely and accurate diagnosis is primarily to blame for the poor prognosis of cancers of the digestive system. The investigation of novel tumor biomarkers derived from Extracellular Vesicles (EV) may aid in the clinical diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancers. Infiltrating leukocytes, cancerous cells, and related stromal cells like tumor-associated fibroblasts and macrophages express chemokine’s and their associated receptors within tumors. In order to discuss the possibility of clinical treatments for these targets in digestive system cancers, this review focuses on the current detection methods for fusion genes, fusion genes written into the digestive system tumor guidelines, and potential fusion gene therapy targets in various organs. For many types of cancer, pathological image examination is the gold standard for diagnosis and screening. In recent years, numerous datasets, benchmarks, and challenges have been released, resulting in significant advancements in Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD). However, the digestive system is the subject of few published works. In conjunction with the International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI), we published two well-annotated benchmark datasets and organized challenges for the detection of pathological cells in the digestive system and the segmentation of tissue. This paper initially presents the two delivered datasets, i.e., seal ring cell identification and colonoscopy tissue division, with the depictions of information assortment, comment, and expected utilizes.

Therapeutic Approaches

In malignancies, the adjusted articulation of chemokine receptors administers leukocyte penetration and enactment, epithelial-mesenchymal change, disease cell multiplication, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes are facilitated by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). By suppressing the expression of tumor-promoting chemokine’s and chemokine receptors or by up regulating tumor-suppressing chemokine’s and chemokine receptors, some miRNAs can have an anti-tumor genic effect on digestive system cancers. However, many miRNAs promote tumor genesis by up regulating tumor-promoting chemokine’s or chemokine receptors or suppressing the expression of chemokine’s and chemokine receptors. By influencing the expression of chemokine’s and chemokine receptors that promote and suppress tumor growth, LncRNA and circRNAs also have proand anti-tumorigenic effects by targeting downstream miRNAs. On the other hand, tumor-forming ncRNA expression is influenced by some chemokine’s. In order to gain a better understanding of the fundamental crosstalk that occurs between ncRNAs and chemokine receptors in various cancers of the digestive system, including gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, and hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as potential therapeutic approaches, the current review provides an explanation of these communications. Although it has many limitations when it comes to diagnosing and treating tumors of the digestive system, this modality is extremely useful for tumor diagnosis, staging, and efficacy evaluations. In gastrointestinal tumors, the fibroblast activation protein is highly expressed. In clinical research, numerous isotope-labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitors are utilized. These inhibitors make up for the lack of fluoro deoxy glucose in the diagnosis of digestive system tumors by showing good contrast between the tumor and background and having low background uptake in the brain, liver, and oral/ pharyngeal mucosa. It offers a novel treatment strategy for digestive system tumors like esophageal, gastric, and liver cancer, as well as a better visualization of the primary tumors, metastases, and regional lymph nodes. This article provides more useful information for diagnosing and treating digestive system malignant tumors by presenting the current research status of fibroblast activation protein inhibitor positron emission tomography and computed tomography in various types of malignant tumors. Ocean sunfish consumption of marine debris is poorly documented. Since these enormous fish of the sea eat in a manner that is very similar to that of marine turtles, it is possible that they have ingested plastics by accident. This work reveals for the first time that the digestive system from the western Mediterranean Sea contains a blue plastic fragment that is categorized as a mesoplastic based on its size. For human health, the rate and location of starch digestion in the Gastro Intestinal Tract (GIT) are crucial.

The purpose of this review is to provide an in-depth summary of our current knowledge of the physiological, biochemical, anatomical, and geometrical factors of the human digestive system that are connected to the digestibility of starch in vivo. It has been demonstrated that all of the digestive organs, including the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, play important roles in controlling the digestion of starches in general. Therefore, all of these compartments should be taken into consideration when conducting a proper investigation of the pattern of starch digestion. Oral mastication and salivation, gastric emptying and motility, motility of small intestine enzymes, interactions between Resistant Starch (RS) and microbes in the large intestine, control of feedback between the gut and brain, and control of glucose adsorption and hormones However, it is still unclear whether these biological factors that influence starch digestion behaviors are connected. This is because of the intrinsic intricacy of human GIT life systems, motility and biochemical circumstances, as well as moral, monetary and specialized issues in leading clinical examinations. For a better understanding of how in vivo starch digestion works, clinical studies and simulation models need to put in a lot of technological and scientific effort. Gluten causes an immune response in people with celiac disease that damages the villi in the small intestine and may raise the risk of gastrointestinal cancer in the long run. However, little research has been done on the health effects of gluten on the general population. We wanted to see if gluten consumption and the risk of cancer of the digestive system were linked in people who didn't have celiac disease.